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2. The slide shows (A) a floating glacier, called an ice shelf, (B) a grounded glacier, called an ice tongue, (C) a glacially scoured valley, drowned by sea-level rise, called a fiord, or (D) an ice-tectonic feature called a nunatak.
3. What type of flow conditions are shown on this image? (A) upper flow regime, or supercritical flow (B) lower flow regime, or subcritical flow (C) middle flow regime, or visco-plastic flow or (D) laminar flow.
4. When a third order stream meets a third order stream the resulting stream has an order of: (A) 1, (B) 2, (C) 3, or (D) 4.
5. Which is likely to be the smallest stream? (A) First order, (B) Second order, (C) Third order, or (D) Fifth order.
6. If you visit a stream 10 times throughout a year, and at each visit there is water in the channel, the stream is probably (A) ephemeral, (B) intermittent, (C) perennial, or (D) consequent.
7. In which type of flow is there no mixing between layers? (A) tranquil flow, (B) shooting flow, (C) laminar flow, or (D) all of the above.
8. What landforms would you expect to find along a stretch of a river that has experienced an episode of deposition followed by an episode of erosion? (A) terraces, (B) alluvial fans, (C) geysers, or (D) artesian wells.
10. Which of the following is a type of sediment carried by streams? (A) bed load, (B) suspended load, (C) dissolved load, or (D) all of these load are carried by streams.
11. Which is difficult for streams to erode, but easy to transport? (A) clay, (B) silt, (C) sand, or (D) boulders.
12. What did J. Harlan Bretz find in the Channelled Scabland of eastern Washington? (A) dry coulees with abrupt cliffs that mark the site of former huge waterfalls, (D) massive piles of gravel containing huge boulders, (C) huge current ripples, or (D) all of these features, which Bretz used to conclude that the landscape was created by a truly gigantic flood, far larger than any historic flood (anywhere in the world).
13. A rock or sediment that inhibits the flow of ground water is (A) a perched aquifer, (B) an artesian aquifer, (C) an aquitard, or (D) a karst aquifer.
15. An abandoned stream meander is called: (A) a point bar, (B) an oxbow lake, (C) a braided stream, or (D) a mid-channel bar.
16. Where is most of the world's water stored? (A) rivers and lakes, (B) oceans, (C) glaciers, or (D) ground-water.
17. Wells that flow without pumping originate from (A) a perched aquifer, (B) an artesian aquifer, (C) an aquitard, or (D) an aquiclude.
18. Predicting a relationship for two variables beyond the limits of any observed event is called A) Abstraction B) Interpolation C) Extrapolation or D) Correlation.
19. How much flood warning time can one expect to have on a small stream with a steep drainage basin, as is common in the Appalachians? (A) minutes, at best, (B) many hours, (C) a few days, or (D) many days.
20. Calcite dissolves in caves because: (A) it is soluble in carbonic acid and other weak acids, (B) it is soluble in strong acids, (C) it is soluble in saltpeter which formed from bat droppings, or (D) of the great pressure in caves.
21. Assume you inherit property on a 100 year floodplain in the Appalachian region that was last flooded in 1985. Which statement best describes the risk would you be taking if you constructed your home on this property. (A) there would be no risk in your lifetime, unless you lived to a very great age, (B) there is a 100 percent chance that the river will flood the site in the next 100 years, (C) there is 1 percent chance that your home will get wet in any given year, but the flood will have low energy because you are not building in the channel, or (D) there is 1 percent chance your home will be flooded in any given year, and the flood may wash away your house and everything in it.
22. Which type of mass movement presents the greatest threat to life? (A) rock creep, (B) debris flow and debris avalanche, (C) solifluction, or (D) slump-earth flow complexes.
23. What factors contribute to downslope movement of soil? (A) undercutting at the base of the slope, (B) removal of vegetation, (C) excess water allowed to seep into the soil, or (D) all of these factors.
24. Which kind of weather is most likely to produce extreme floods in a very small drainage basin? (A) a thunderstorm, (B) a frontal storm, (C) a tropical cyclone (hurricane), or (D) snow melt.
25. What is the correct term for a rotational landslide that involves a mix of boulders and cobbles along with some fine "soil"? (A) debris avalanche, (B) earth slide, (C) debris slump, or (D) rock fall.
26. Freeze-thaw, salt weathering, and plant roots all are effective agents of weathering because each process (A) produces compression within rocks, (B) produces tension within rocks, (C) produces foliation in metamorphic rocks, or (D) occurs in every geological environment.
27. Imagine you are a 18th century quarryman working in a Vermont granite quarry. Your boss tells you to pour dried beans down a crack in the granite, followed by copious quantities of water. Why did he tell you to do this? (A) The swelling of the soaked beans will create tension in the granite, breaking the rock further. (B) The swelling of the soaked beans will create compression in the granite, breaking the rock further. (C) The beans will bond the rock together, allowing the quarry operators to extract larger blocks. (D) The man does not like beans.
28. Where should one locate a sanitary landfill? (A) in an aquifer, (B) in an aquiclude, (C) in old mines, or (D) below the water table.
29. If you were looking for a good source of organic-rich soil to add to your garden, which soil profile would you seek: (A) A horizon, (B) B horizon, (C) C horizon, or (D) E horizon.
30. The ability of water to penetrate a rock or unconsolidated material to is known as that material's (A) porosity, (B) density, (C) specific gravity, or (D) permeability.
31. Which would be the best source for well water? (A) belt of soil moisture, (B) capillary fringe, (C) zone of aeration, or (D) saturated zone.
33. Which is not considered a factor of soil formation? (A) climate, (B) time, (C) man, or (D) parent material.