GEOLOGY/GEOGRAPHY 221 - TEST II - SPRING 1999 Name ______________

Part I. Define: (2 pts. each: 14 total)

Old Age fluvial landscape (as used by Davis):

 

Dynamic Equilibrium (as used by Hack):

 

Saltation:

 

Eddies:

 

Super-critical flow:

 

Ventifact:

 

Barchan:

  

Part II. Short Answer:

  1. Explain the processes by which meanders increase in size through time. "Pictures" may be useful, but you must answer in full text with complete sentences. (6 pts)
  2. Draw Hjulstrom's diagram. Label the axes and zones. (6 pts)

    3.  

  3. Label the order of the streams shown in the drainage network shown below. What is the order of the drainage basin? __________ What is the bifurcation ratio between first & second order streams? __________ (4 pts)

  1. Give Manning’s equation and explain all of its variables. (5 pts).

    2.  

  2. What is the discharge of a stream with a average depth of 1 m, an average width of 100 m, and an average velocity of 2 m/s? (6 pts)
  1. How might a stream respond to an increase in bedload? (6 pts)

  

7. Given Stoke's Law: v = 2/9 (g r2 (d1 - d2)) / m

v = settling velocity

r = particle radius

d1 = density of grain

d2 = density of liquid

What controls the settling rate of particles suspended in water? (4 pts)

  

8. What is ground-water sapping? How does this process relate to the geomorphology of Mars? (Ritter and others, 1995 p. 148-149) (4 pts)

 

9. If Stream Power (S, W = omega) is defined by W = g Q S and tractive force is defined by t = g D S, then what is the difference between Unit Stream Power across 1 m width of channel and tractive force? (Hint: Look at the differences in the equations for these two stream-flow variables. More Hint: how are Q and D related?) (4 pts)

 

10. When would the Rational Method for flood-flow estimation (Qpk = CIA) be inappropriate to use? (4 pts)

 

11. Pick any alluvial landform and describe how it forms. (6 pts)

 

Part III: Physiographic Provinces of US and Canada.

(2 pts each, 6 pts total)

Answer on the attached map.

Label the Hudson Bay Lowland.

Label (using the proper name) the physiographic province in the eastern U.S. that is characterized by deeply incised winding valleys, considerable local relief, steep hillsides and nearly flat-lying rock (handout states surface altitude is between 2000 and 3000 ft.)

Label the Adirondack Mountains.

  

Part IV. ESSAY: ANSWERS MUST BE LEGIBLE AND LIMITED TO 1 PAGE THE BASIS FOR GRADING WILL INCLUDE CLARITY, COMPLETENESS, ACCURACY, WRITING STYLE, AND CORRECT GRAMMAR. ANSWER ON YOUR OWN PAPER. (25 %)

1. How can one determine discharge at a gage station, assuming that discharge was within the range of flows previously observed at the station? How can one determine discharge for a flood at a station that was recorded as being larger than any discharge previously observed? How can one determine discharge for a flood at a station that obliterates the gage from the face of the earth?